Multi-path wireless mesh networks

ABSTRACT

Provided is a process that includes obtaining a directed acyclic graph describing a plurality wireless connections between a plurality of downstream nodes forming a multi-path route to an Internet connected wireless transceiver; determining an encoding kernel specifying transformations to be performed by the plurality of downstream nodes on data received from upstream nodes; transmitting at least part of the encoding kernel to at least some of the downstream nodes; and transmitting data from a data source to a downstream node in the directed acyclic graph specified by the encoding kernel such that the data is conveyed through the multi-hop, multi-path route to the Internet connected wireless transceiver.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present invention relates generally to wireless communication and,more specifically, to network coding and error correction in ad hoc,multi-path wireless mesh networks in oil and gas fields.

2. Description of the Related Art

Internet access in rural areas is often limited due to technical andeconomic factors. The existing solutions generally rely on costly, fixedinfrastructure, for example, cell towers for the entire scope ofcoverage. The cost of such infrastructure makes those solutionsprohibitively expensive in sparsely populated or uninhabited areas.Similar problems are faced in non-rural areas, though the cost-relatedchallenges are often less severe in these environments.

To provide network access in rural areas, network engineers haveproposed various forms of mesh networks. In these networks,geographically distributed nodes relay information between theend-devices and (e.g., fixed permanent, wired) Internet connections.Many existing solutions are generally limited to short rangecommunication (e.g., WiFi™) and low bandwidth (e.g., Zigbee™ orBluetooth™) communication. Additionally, they are often poorly designedfor integration with the Internet. Further, many existing systemscompete for bandwidth with established uses, such as WiFi or cellularspectrum.

Hence, there is a need to provide cost-effective and, some cases,dynamically formed mesh-networks that provide wide-area Internet (orlocal network) access.

SUMMARY

The following is a non-exhaustive listing of some aspects of the presenttechniques. These and other aspects are described in the followingdisclosure.

Some aspects include a process that includes determining a route througha multi-hop wireless network; receiving data from an upstream node inthe network, and relaying the data to a downstream node in the network.

Some aspects include a tangible, non-transitory, machine-readable mediumstoring instructions that when executed by a data processing apparatuscause the data processing apparatus to perform operations including theabove-mentioned process.

Some aspects include a system, including: one or more processors; andmemory storing instructions that when executed by the processors causethe processors to effectuate operations of the above-mentioned process.

Other aspects are described more fully below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above-mentioned aspects and other aspects of the present techniqueswill be better understood when the present application is read in viewof the following figures in which like numbers indicate similar oridentical elements:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a node in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a network in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a process of forming the network ofFIG. 2 with the nodes of FIG. 1 in accordance with some embodiments; and

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a computer system by which portions ofthe above features may be implemented.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications andalternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way ofexample in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. Thedrawings may not be to scale. It should be understood, however, that thedrawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit theinvention to the particular form disclosed, but to the contrary, theintention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternativesfalling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as definedby the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

To mitigate the problems described herein, the applicants had to bothinvent solutions and, in some cases just as importantly, recognizeproblems overlooked (or not yet foreseen) by others in the field.Indeed, applicants wish to emphasize the difficulty of recognizing thoseproblems that are nascent and will become much more apparent in thefuture should trends in wireless networking continue as applicantsexpect. Further, because multiple problems are addressed, it should beunderstood that some embodiments are problem-specific and that not allembodiments address every problem with traditional systems describedherein or provide every benefit described herein. (For cost reasons,several inventions have been grouped into a single patent application.)That said, solutions to many of these problems are described withreference to FIGS. 1-4.

Among the problems recognized by the inventors and mitigated by someembodiments are the following:

-   -   a. Existing routing schemes are poorly designed to address the        dynamic nature of newly available white space TV bands (or        similar media) where the available frequencies change throughout        the network. To mitigate this problem, some embodiments control        the transmission power on each link using an adaptive scheme        while estimating true, available maximum (or near-maximum)        capacity along the entire (or substantial portions of) routing        paths. Further, some embodiments employ adaptive schemes to        learn how each link in the path interferes with adjacent links        and, then, employ geometric, dynamic programming to select the        route with largest expected capacity. In some cases, dynamic and        multi-path routing is used to construct a wireless mesh network        capable of accommodating spatially and temporally varying radio        resources.    -   b. Moreover, such networks often coexist with other users of the        white space TV spectrum, a challenge which is often ignored or        avoided in existing wireless networks. To mitigate these        problems and others, some embodiments measure the channel        quality in terms of interferences among adjacent networks or        nodes and estimate the amount of feedback in a form of increased        interference with a current node. Further, some embodiments        employ a non-linear observer program (e.g., a neural network) to        identify the type of interference and quantify the effect of the        interference on performance of available modulation techniques.    -   c. Existing techniques targeting the presently described need        often lack real-time adaptation of modulation and coding schemes        that can accommodate varying radio channel conditions. Some        embodiments provide for these features. Real time adaptation can        occur at runtime without interfering with typical TCP/IP        protocols, e.g., during an application layer session.    -   d. Many existing approaches employ a fixed implementation of a        specific radio signal processing technique with permanent,        unalterable circuitry. To mitigate this problem, some        embodiments divide tasks between an application specific        integrated circuit (e.g., forming a processor) and a field        programmable gate array to improve employment of available        hardware resources to enhance processing and communication        performance. To this end, some embodiments, support capabilities        to dynamically (e.g., a runtime without interfering with typical        TCP/IP protocols, such as during an application layer session,        as may occur while a user interacts with a website) load various        signal processing modules into the FPGA to off-load processing        from a general-purpose processor provided by the ASIC (e.g., an        ARM™ or Intel x86™ processor). Some embodiments select the most        (or at least some, or in some cases none) initial radio        frequency (RF) signal processing steps that can fit into the        available FPGA resources. In some of these embodiments, when the        modulation and coding technique is changed by the channel access        scheme, the FPGA is reloaded with the corresponding signaling        steps in response by a given node.    -   e. Network nodes generally use a power supply and occupy land        that, ideally in some implementations, spans a large geographic        area. Obtaining these resources can be prohibitively expensive        for a party seeking to build a rural wireless network. To        mitigate this problem, some embodiments are designed to draw        power from, and be geographically co-located with (e.g.,        physically, electrically, and communicatively coupled with),        oil-and-gas (or other mineral extraction process) related        equipment (e.g., oil wells, salt water disposal facilities,        pumping stations, and the like), which are often geographically        distributed over rural areas, have power on hand for other        purposes, and often benefit from network access provided by the        present techniques, potentially offering a synergy between        provision of consumer and industrial network access. Further,        the relatively persistent nature of a portion of the nodes on        the network provided by such sites may be accounted for when        selecting routes, e.g., by up-weighting routes in a route        scoring process according to the amount (e.g., number or        frequency) of such fixed-site nodes in the route, thereby        providing more stable connections and reducing overhead relative        to systems that operation with the assumption that all nodes are        mobile and transient. To this end, route reply messages        described below may include an indication of whether a node has        a permanent (e.g., non-battery) power supply and is        geographically fixed.

To address the problems above and other issues with conventionaltechniques, some embodiments include nodes (e.g., a wireless transceiverhaving a processor and memory programmed to implement one or more of theprotocols described herein) that include relatively flexible, dynamichardware based on a combination of an FPGA and a dedicated ASICprocessor. The former, in some embodiments, facilitates real-time,efficient hardware implementation of communication schemes andprotocols. The FPGA is more flexible than an ASIC processor in somecases because the code (e.g., hardware description code) can be changedat runtime to implement a more efficient method for the circumstances athand and embodiments can adjust these processes at runtime to be moreefficient for the current environment, e.g., as the channel conditionchanges. The latter, in some cases, can execute arbitrary software,making the system relatively flexible, e.g., when the ASIC is a CPU. Insome embodiments, each of these components may implement any part ofsignal processing, communication technique, and network protocol stack,making the system flexible and re-configurable as network conditionschange. In some implementations, embodiments dynamically shift theprocessing between the FPGA and the dedicated processor with softwareexecuting on the ASIC processor to improve performance relative to anASIC-only or an FPGA-only system. Additionally, in some embodiments, theprocessing techniques are changed dynamically (both in the FPGA and inthe software executing on the ASIC processor) to adapt to changingconditions in available radio channels. Examples of such changingconditions include a change in channel interference from other devices,changes in available TV channels, and varying traffic patterns. Incontrast, many existing techniques do not provide for runtime changes inFPGA configuration. Control-theoretic improvements and decision-makingmay be executed by some embodiments to both identify and adapt tochanging channel and network conditions. In some cases, suchdeterminations may be made during runtime (e.g., without rebooting orturning off a node) by a neural network observer (e.g., a process thatdynamically detects conditions and, in response, determines parametersof the system, like transmit power, coding parameters, and transmitfrequencies) and controller executed by the ASIC processor, in somecases, with mathematically guaranteed convergence and stability, e.g.,by selecting weight update rules that converge on an appropriatesolution, for instance, with offline testing to confirm convergence.

In some cases, a modulation technique for transmitting data is selected(e.g., by the ASIC processor, or by the FPGA) based on available RFresources as sensed by an antenna of a node, e.g., free TV channels, andchannel parameters, e.g., existing noise level and signal fading.Additionally, in some embodiments, data traffic may be transmitted inpackets through multiple parallel paths using, in some cases, a hybridscheme that combines routing and network coding. Examples of such ahybrid scheme are described in Analysis of General Network CodingConditions and Design of a Free-Ride-Oriented Routing Metric, by Bin Guoet al., published in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 60,No. 4, on May 2011, an article the entire contents of which areincorporated by reference herein for all purposes. In some embodiments,each node (or a subset of nodes) may select a plurality of respectivesub-networks of two (or three, or four or more for greater networkefficiency or less for reduced computational complexity) hop neighborsnodes to the respective nodes for which a network coding and routingsolution is solved by the respective nodes, which limits computationalcomplexity and allows the nodes to optimize for the smaller problemdefined be each sub-network. This is expected to increase the likelihoodof delivery of data to an end node (e.g., a sink node, such as a gatewaynode having access to the Internet, for instance via a cellularconnection or a wired connection) in a multi-hop network with dynamictopology.

In some embodiments, routes may be selected with ad hoc on demanddistance vectoring (AODV). In some forms of AODV, the network may begenerally silent with respect to establishing a route until a connectionis needed. At that point, the source network node that needs aconnection may determine that such a connection is needed and inresponse wirelessly broadcasts a request for connection. The requesttransmission may be a message with a message identifier thatdistinguishes the message from other route requests initiated by othernodes or at other times and the message may include an identifier of thedestination node to which a route is requested, as well as an identifierof the source node. Other nodes may receive this message, determine thatit is a request for a connection, and in response, forward this message,and record in routing tables in memory of each respective receiving nodean identifier of the node that they heard it from, thereby creating ancollection of candidate temporary routes back to the needy (e.g.,source) node in the form of a distributed linked list through the nodes(e.g., a plurality of directed graphs). When a node receives such amessage, that node may retrieve routing table entries from memory todetermine whether it already has a route to the destination node. Inresponse to such a determination, that node may wirelessly send amessage backwards through a candidate temporary route to the requestingnode along with an identifier of the route. The source node in need of aroute then may receive a plurality of returned messages through aplurality of different routes and, in response, may select the routethat has the least number of hops through other nodes (or other rankingtechniques may be used, e.g., with a weighted score favoring routesthrough static nodes connected to power sources on industrial equipment,like on oil-and-gas related equipment). Unused entries in the routingtables may be recycled after a threshold time, e.g., daily by routinesexecuted by the respective nodes. Other embodiments may implement otherrouting protocols, e.g., dynamic source routing (DSR) or backpressurerouting.

In some cases, routes and the outputs relayed from each node may bedetermined by implementing network coding in a network of nodes (e.g.,with the hybrid approach noted above or with pure network coding). Anyof several forms of network coding may be implemented in the presentembodiments. Examples are described in Network coding theory: Anintroduction, by Raymond W. Yeung, Front. Electr. Electron. Eng. China2010, 5(3): 363-390, an article which is incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety for all purposes. Depending on the application,any of the various techniques described therein may be used, e.g., thedescribed linear network coding techniques for acyclic directed graphsare expected to offer relatively favorable levels of computationalcomplexity. For instance, embodiments may implement linear networkcoding in an acyclic network to render calculation and distribution ofthe global encoding kernels more computationally feasible, particularlyin larger networks. Some embodiments may use the Jaggi-Sanders algorithmto determine the global encoding kernels, particularly when largerfields are used to reduce computational complexity and render thecalculation tractable.

In some cases, network coding may be defined by a global encoding kernelor local encoding kernels. The output of each node relaying data throughthe mesh network may be determined based on the inputs to the node andthe relevant encoding kernel(s) for that node. In some cases, prior totransmission, a given node obtains the downstream order of nodes (whichin some embodiments may be a multi-path route), as reflected in adirected graph of node identifiers in memory of a given node. That nodemay generate a global encoding kernel and encode parameters of the samein a header of a message to be sent to the downstream nodes. In somecases, each node downstream retrieves the relevant parameters for itsretransmission from the header portion of the message based on a nodeidentifier associated with the relevant parameters in the header. Insome cases, each message header further includes a sequence identifier,indicating where that transmission is within a given route, and nodesuse the sequence identifier to avoid cyclic transmissions.

A number of techniques may be used to reduce the computational cost ofcalculating encoding kernels. Some implementations may limit the numberof options for retransmission to two or three of the nearestdestinations that are connected to the Internet. Some embodiments maypartition the problem of solving the graph with a limited number ofpre-defined gateways. Some embodiments may have a hybrid architecture inwhich certain nodes are configured for longer range transmission (e.g.,with directional antennas and higher transmission power), e.g., an oilfield cluster of a dozen nodes may route through a longer rangetransmitter to reach the Internet. Some embodiments may employ broadcastmulti-path routing in which each gateway to the Internet receives a copyof data to be conveyed.

In some cases, the network coding kernels may be selected such thatredundant information from a given data transmission arrives at adestination node, and the redundant information may be used for errordetection or error correction. For instance, a destination node (or arelay node) may receive a message with such redundant information via amulti-path route and determine that the message lacks redundantinformation, e.g., that it is internally inconsistent according to theerror detection or correction protocol in use. In response to errordetection, the node may reply with a signal indicating the error andrequesting retransmission from the source node. Or the redundantinformation may be used to correct an error. In some embodiments,embodiments may channel code data for error detection or errorcorrection, e.g., with Turbo codes or low density parity-check codes.

In some embodiments, a systematic solution (e.g., a network code) may bederived using graph theory algorithms to approach or achieve amax-cut/min-flow optimality (or near optimality, e.g., approaching anoptimal solution while making tradeoffs to obtain responsiveness orreduce costs). Some embodiments may provide for network-wideoptimization though the network coding. In some cases, this may beimplemented with integrated network coding with MAC (medium accesscontrol) and PHY (physical) layers (e.g., as described in the OpenSystems Interconnection (OSI) model) provided for at each node. Further,as described below, transmission may be implemented with a spreadingcode.

A variety of techniques may be used for medium access control, each ofwhich may be implemented with a properly programed memory and processorin each respective network node. For instance, some embodiments mayimplement distributed random medium access by employing a spreadspectrum coding technique. Some such embodiments may generate pseudonoise (PN) sequences that exhibit auto-correlation properties (e.g., thecorrelation between shifted copies of the code is equal to “1” only whenthe offset is 0 or a multiple of the sequence length, or in other casesthe correlation is close to 0, one example being Gold codes). In somecases, instead of employing the PN sequence in continuously, as is oftendone in traditional systems, the some embodiments adaptively select apiece (e.g., subsection) of the code for the specific node to use.

An example algorithm for code selection (e.g., a PN sequence) executedby (and thus stored in memory of) each respective node is as follows:

-   -   a. Nodes obtain a PN sequence and each randomly (e.g., pseudo        randomly) select the initial offset in the PN sequence they will        employ for communication.    -   b. The nodes begin communication using a fixed, common-offset        code to communicate with neighbors. At that time, the nodes may        share with one another their selected offset and code ratio        (e.g., the spreading strength or gain, which is generally equal        to a ratio of the number of PN sequence chips (“bits”) that will        be used to encode (e.g., in this context, spread) the data bits        to a number of the data bits, where the more chips that are        employed per data bit, the higher the processing gain and more        simultaneous transmissions that are possible, but at the same        time, the user data rate decreases).    -   c. Nodes may store in their respective memory the offsets and        code rates (lengths) for the active links. In some cases,        network coding and routing may be used to reduce the number of        saved codes based on network topology.    -   d. Subsequent communications may employ the nodes' individual        codes (e.g., part of the PN sequence with a specific offset and        rate/length). A broadcast (e.g. sporadic routing updates) may        employ the fixed, common-offset code, while the individual links        may employ receiver based coding (e.g., each transmitter may use        the code of the receiver).    -   e. The measured interference and link quality (e.g., based on        number of bit-errors or corrupted frames) may be employed in an        adaptation algorithm to change the code ratio (e.g., a ratio of        a number of chips to a number of bits). An adaptive algorithm        may estimate channel state and, in turn, determine a suitable        code ratio. For instance, a relatively good channel/low        interference may cause a node to decrease the ratio, thus        increasing a user data rate. Alternatively, such an algorithm        executed by each node may otherwise increase the ratio, thereby        increasing resilience to interference and increasing a number of        supported, adjacent links.    -   f. The code offset may also be varied when number of collisions        increases (e.g., due to overlapping sections of the PN        sequence). In such a scenario, first, the offset may be varied        (e.g., increased or decreased) by a small number of chips (e.g.,        PN sequence chips). The correlation of the per-node code may be        a measure of overlap, where lower correlation may indicate that        an overlapping code is employed in vicinity. In response to        determining that a correlation is below a threshold, a node may        update its code offset to thereby increase the correlation. When        a satisfactory point offset is not found, the node may repeat        from the first step, varying the offset.

Other embodiments may use other forms of media access control, forinstance, time division multiple access (TDMA) or orthogonalfrequency-division multiple access (OFDMA).

Some embodiments may transmit in the broadcast television whitespacespectrum recently made available by the United States FederalCommunications Commission. Thus, available frequencies and transmissionstrengths may vary by geographic location (which may be changing formobile nodes) and by time of day (e.g., as other transmitters move intoand out of broadcast range of a given node). In some embodiments, nodesmay sense their current wireless environment with a spectrum sensingapproach to determine available channels, e.g., unused TV spectrum.Additionally, or alternatively, nodes of some embodiments may identifyunused spectrum, e.g., vacant channels, based on a geolocation sensor oneach node (e.g., a Global Positioning System, or other satellitenavigation system, sensor operative to sense geographic location, or forsome fixed nodes, to reduce cost, a value programmed in memoryindicative of geolocation) and the capability to access through theInternet a remote database that identifies incumbent licensed operationsentitled to interference protection. Embodiment nodes may sense theirgeolocations and send a query, in some cases via the mesh networksdescribed herein, to such a database for available spectrum and, inresponse, select spectrum for transmission by a given node. (Protectedincumbent operations may include, for example, TV stations, broadcastauxiliary point-to-point facilities, low power auxiliary serviceoperations (wireless microphones), and the like.) Such a remote databasemay also include records reflecting protected locations and channels ofcertain radio frequency services that are not recorded in FCC databases,such as the locations of cable headends and low power TV receive sitesthat are outside the protected contours of the TV stations whose signalsthey receive. The database accessed by an embodiment node may respondwith a list of TV channels that are vacant and can be used at thedevice's location.

Whitespace spectrum may be updated (e.g., re-selected) periodically(e.g., every minute, hour, or day) or in response to some event (e.g.,receiving a request to transmit data, detecting the existence ofnon-native transmission the current frequency, or determining that asignal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), packet loss, orcongestion has crossed a threshold). Once a node determines to updatethe frequency or (i.e., and/or) power at which it transmits, a node mayquery a remote whitespace database as described above via the Internetwith the node's current geographic location and select among theresponsive unclaimed spectrum. Some embodiment nodes may select afrequency from among the responsive spectrum based on a balance (e.g.,an aggregate value, such as a weighted score) between data rate anddistance. Generally, data rate increases as transmit frequencyincreases, while transmit distance at a given power decreases asfrequency increases. Some embodiments may combine OFDMA with CDMA to usewider or non-continuous bands.

Some embodiment nodes may select among available spectrum by iteratingdown through available frequencies, e.g., by starting at a highfrequency, and then decreasing by a decrement until a signal (e.g., anACK, or acknowledgement signal) is received from another node (or fromtwo or more nodes or other thresholded count or other amount) indicatingthat the transmission was successful. Such an arrangement is expected toyield relatively high data rates while accommodating the geographicarrangement in which a node finds itself relative to other nodes. Insome cases, at a given frequency, a node may retry transmission beforedetermining to iterate to a lower frequency in the absence of an ACKsignal, as transient noise may lead to unnecessarily low frequencyselections. For instance, some embodiment nodes may apply a Long RetryLimit (LRL) before decrementing, where the LRL is a number ofretransmission attempts for frames longer than a request to sendthreshold, or a value where frames larger than the threshold arepreceded by a request to send/clear to send exchange. In other examples,some embodiment nodes may apply a Short Retry Limit (SRL) beforedecrementing, where the SRL is a number of retransmission attempts forframes shorter than a request to send threshold. In other examples, aretry limit may be dynamically selected based on movement of nodes in anetwork, e.g., a retry limit may be increased in response to therelative speed of a node (for instance, as sensed by a GPS sensor of thenode) increasing. In such an implementation, if a node is moving faster,that node (in some embodiments) is quicker to infer that it is having atransmission problem and adjust to a lower frequency, trading data ratefor transmission range.

Transmission power may be selected by each node with a variety oftechniques. In some cases, after selecting a transmission frequency,embodiments may determine transmission power. Generally, nodes wastespectrum and power by transmitting more powerfully than needed, so someembodiments seek to reduce transmit power. In some cases, when replyingto a route request message, a node senses its current geolocation andvelocity vector by polling a GPS sensor of the node and transmits thesame along with a reply to the route request message. A receiving nodemay then, in response to the reply, calculate a transmit power based ona distance from that node (as sensed by polling a GPS sensor of thereceiving node) to the replying node and, in some cases based onmagnitude of a vector formed by subtracting the velocity vectors of thetwo nodes. The resulting transmit power and frequency may be stored inmemory of the respective node and used for subsequent transmissionsuntil updated.

An example node and network for implementing the above techniques isdescribed with reference to FIGS. 1-4.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the architecture of an embodiment of anode's network interface. In some embodiments, the node may be anexample of the computer system described below with reference to FIG. 4.In some embodiments, the node of FIG. 1 may be one of the site mastercontrollers described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,649,909, the contents of whichare incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes,and the components of FIG. 1 may be the network interface described aspart of the site master controllers.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a node 10 in accordance with someembodiments. In some cases, the node 10 further includes additionalcomputing hardware, such as some or all of the components of the examplecomputer system described below with reference to FIG. 4, with theillustrated features of FIG. 1 serving the role of the network interface1040 in FIG. 4, or the node 10 is a site master controller with thecomponents of FIG. 1 serving the role of a network interface. Thecomponents of the node 10 are described with reference to discretefunctional blocks for purposes of explanation, but it should beunderstood that hardware or software by which these functional blocksare constructed may be arranged differently, for example, intermingled,conjoined, distributed, replicated, or otherwise arranged. In thisexample, the node 10 may include a field programmable gate array 12, acentral processing unit 14, an analog receive and transmit module 16,and an antenna 18. In some cases, the node 10 may also include anoptional cognitive radio 20, which is not to imply that any othercomponents described herein are not optional or are required in everyimplementation.

As noted above, the allocation of signal processing tasks between thefield programmable gate array 12 and the CPU 14 may be dynamicallybalanced, for example, by components described below executing on theCPU 14. Accordingly, it should be kept in mind that components describedas being part of the field programmable gate array 12 or the CPU 14 may,in some use cases, be shifted to other hardware, in some cases duringoperation.

In the illustrated embodiment, the field programmable gate array 12includes an ouptup pipeline having a signal generation module 22, ascrambling module 24, a spreading module 26, and a framing in errormanagement module 28, which receives as input signals from componentsdescribed below as being part of the CPU 14.

The signal generation module 22, in some embodiments, performs the taskof converting from the digital domain to the analog domain for wirelesstransmission.

The scrambling module 24, in some embodiments, performs the task ofrandomizing the signal to improve performance of some of the signalprocessing techniques described herein.

The spreading module 26, in some embodiments, performs the task of usingCDMA (or OFDMA) to spread and map a narrow signal to wider frequencybands.

The framing and error management module 28, in some embodiments,performs the task of medium and physical layer protocol framing andimplements error correction codes, e.g., by calculating redundant databased on input data for transmission and injecting the redundant datainto the data for transmission, e.g., by applying low density paritycodes or performing Turbo coding.

The field programmable gate array 12 of some embodiments furtherincludes an input pipeline that receives signals (e.g., wirelesslyreceived analog signals) from the antenna 18 and provides signals (e.g.,digitally encoded data) to components described below with reference tothe CPU 14, including an error detection and correction module 30, adespreading module 32, a descrambling module 34, and a sampling andfiltering module 36.

The error detection and correction module 30, in some embodiments,performs the task of detecting and correcting errors (e.g., by examiningreceived data to determine whether it contains the internal redundancyindicative of a correctly received signal) and parsing data from frames.

The despreading module 32, in some embodiments, performs the task ofcombining the wideband spread signal into a narrow band signal that canbe then decoded.

The descrambling module 34, in some embodiments, performs the task ofreversing the operations performed by an upstream scrambling module andsynchronizes the signal into the node's time domain.

The sampling and filtering module 36, in some embodiments, performs thetask of converting the analog signal received to a digital signal andapplying filters to eliminate extraneous signals.

In the illustrated implementation, the CPU 14 may include a mediumaccess manager 38 (which cooperates with other components to form amedium access controller), a network controller 40, and a securitymodule 42.

The medium access manager 38, in some embodiments, performs the task ofproviding random access to the channel with support for transmission ofacknowledgement signals to confirm the reception of a signal to atransmitting node. In some cases, the medium access manager 38 isoperative to perform the steps described herein for determining abroadcast strength and frequency on whitespace spectrum, for example, bysensing with the cognitive radio unused channels, or by querying awhitespace database, and adjusting through a range of channels until anacceptable trade-off between data rate and broadcast range is found.

The network controller 40, in some embodiments, performs the task ofimplementing the routing scheme and network coding routines.

The security module 42, in some embodiments, performs the task ofcreating a virtual network of the end nodes where the actualcommunication network becomes transparent to the nodes while encryptingthe data to prevent eavesdropping or data falsification by thirdparties.

In the illustrated implementation, the analog receive and transmitmodule 16 may include an amplifier 44, such as a tunable amplifier, thatreceives a signal from the signal generation module 22, and a low noiseamplifier 46 that outputs wirelessly received signals to the samplingand filtering module 36.

The low noise amplifier 46, in some embodiments, performs the task ofamplifying the analog signal that is received, e.g., with an adjustablegain. In some cases, the amplifier 46 receives wireless signals receivedby the antenna 18, such as signals from other nodes, and amplifies thosesignals before subsequent processing occurs.

The tunable amplifier 44, in some embodiments, performs the task ofamplifying the transmitted analog signal. In some implementations, theamplifier 44 amplify signals to an adjustable signal strength before thesignals are transmitted with the antenna 18, for example, to othernodes.

In some cases, the node 10 includes a cognitive radio 20 for sensing thecurrent wireless environment, for instance, based on signals fromantenna 18, and selecting whitespace spectrum for use withoutreferencing a remote whitespace database. To this end, some embodimentsof cognitive radio 20 include an amplifier 48, such as a low noiseamplifier, a tunable down converter module 50, and a signal strengthcalculator 52.

The amplifier 48, in some embodiments, performs the task of amplifyinganalog signals sensed to evaluate whether the channel is available.

The tunable down converter module 50, in some embodiments, performs thetask of converting higher frequencies to lower frequencies amenable toprocessing by digital circuitry.

The signal strength calculator 52, in some embodiments, performs thetask of performing the analog to digital conversion of a signal andcalculation of signal strength to detect existing transmissions.

In some cases, the node 10 serves the role of a gateway node andincludes an additional network adapter, such as a cellular interfacehaving a cellular radio or an Ethernet network adapter for interfacingwith a wired network. In these examples, the gateway node 10 may use theadditional network adapter to exchange data with the Internet on behalfof other nodes in the network, and the gateway node itself, dependingupon the source or destination of the data to be conveyed.

FIG. 2 is an example of an ad hoc wireless, multi-hop, multi-path,mesh-network implemented with the presently described nodes.

Some embodiments may communicate in white space TV bands with thefollowing functionality: speeds of 500 kbps and up; range of 2-20 miles;ad hoc networking; and Ethernet/IP based interface to outside world. Tothis end, some embodiment nodes may include a programmable radiooperating in the 400 MHz-1.8 GHz bands. In some cases, a cognitive radioconfigured to operate within FCC limits in the whitespace spectrum isused. Some networks may include Ethernet/IP based interfaces to theInternet and a mineral-extraction related industrial site (e.g., anoil-and-gas related equipment in the field). Some embodiments mayinclude directional antennas for larger range transmission, e.g.,between geographically fixed nodes.

Some nodes may serve as gateway nodes, which may have one or more of thefollowing features: some gateway nodes may be capable of connectingmultiple nodes to the Internet through multi-hop communication; somegateway nodes may supply node-to-node communication via a protocol suchas AODV or one or more of the forms of network coding described herein;some gateway nodes may be capable of supporting data transmission of upto 20 local sensing nodes at one site and up to 10 remote sites. In someembodiments, gateway nodes include an additional radio for cellularcommunication. Generally, non-gateway nodes convey data between leaf (orsource) nodes of the network (e.g., industrial equipment sensors orcontrollers or user modems) and a gateway node with which a mesh networkis formed.

In some cases, gateway nodes (or other, non-gateway nodes) include anantenna placed at 8-10 ft or higher above ground level for longer range.In some cases, nodes have a fixed (e.g., non-battery) electric powersource, such as is often found at fixed salt-water injection sites oroil/gas wells. In some cases, nodes have universal serial bus (USB) orEthernet connectivity to provide an interface for control by personalcomputer (PC) or Internet access if a wired or wireless (e.g., cellular)connection is available. In some embodiments, nodes may be able totransmit data on a single link at distances from 100 yards to few miles.The communication range, in some cases, extends to 25 miles. Nodes, insome embodiments, support transmission rates for a telemetryapplications, e.g., pressure levels, on/off status, monitoringoperations including arrival of trucks and loads, billing messages, andother data often generated at oil-and-gas related sites, like saltwaterdisposal facilities or drilling sites. In some cases, nodes may supporttransfers of messages at 100 bytes per second rates or higher to meetindustrial equipment bandwidth needs.

In some cases, a network formed with the nodes described herein may beused to provide consumer Internet access, in addition to, or as analternative to, conveying data obtained from (or directed to) oil andgas related facilities. For example, some nodes may have an Ethernetport and network interface by which a consumer may connect a local areanetwork or personal computer to use the node as a modem for obtainingInternet access in rural areas.

FIG. 2 shows an example of an ad hoc multi-hop multi-path wireless meshnetwork that may be constructed with examples of the wireless nodesdescribed herein. A relatively small number of gateway nodes 62 andnon-gateway nodes 64 are illustrated by way of example, but it should beunderstood that substantially more nodes may be used in commercialembodiments. Further, the illustrated embodiments include a single hopbetween the non-gateway nodes 64 and the gateway nodes 62, but in otherembodiments, signals may pass through multiple non-gateway nodes beforebeing relayed to a gateway node 62. In some cases, the nodes 62 and 64may be distributed throughout a rural oil bearing region, and some orall of the nodes may be each associated with a respective piece of oilor gas related equipment, such as oil wells, pumping stations,reinjection facilities, salt water disposal facilities, and the like. Insome cases, each node may draw power from a power supply associated withsuch equipment and convey data from and commands to such equipment fromremote operators. In other cases, some or a substantial portion or allof the nodes may be mobile nodes, for example, associated with trucksand other equipment driving through oilfields to service equipment. Ofcourse, applications are not limited to the oilfield, and otherindustries are expected to benefit from the present techniques.

In some cases, nodes associated with fixed assets, like oil and gasequipment, having a reliable and steady power supply, such as agenerator or grid power, may broadcast such attributes during routeselection such that routes passing through those nodes may be upweighted when ranking candidate routes to favor routes having lesstransient stable nodes.

In the illustrated figure, Internet access is provided via a cellulartower 66 that communicates with a cellular network interface on thegateway nodes 62, but it should be understood that other forms ofInternet access may communicate with the gateway nodes, including wiredInternet connections.

FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a process 80 for transmitting data throughan ad hoc multi-path multi-hop wireless network. In some cases, theprocess 80 is performed by the above-described node 10, thoughapplications are not limited to that particular set of arrangements. Inthis example, the process 80 includes determining an encoding kernelspecifying transformations to be performed by the plurality ofdownstream nodes on data received from upstream nodes, as indicated byblock 82. In some cases, the transformation includes an aggregation ofinput signals from two other upstream nodes to produce a single outputsignal sent to a single downstream node, in accordance with some of thenetwork coding techniques described herein.

Next, embodiments may transmit at least part of the encoding kernel toat least some of the downstream nodes, as indicated by block 84, aprocess which may include transmitting all of the encoding kernel to allof the downstream nodes. A node is said to be downstream if that nodelies along a route from a given node to a destination of data to beconveyed through the wireless network. In some cases, the encodingkernel is transmitted as part of a header of a frame conveying datathrough the wireless network, and downstream nodes may extract therelevant portions of the encoding kernel from the header.

Some embodiments may further transmit data from a data source to adownstream node in a directed acyclic graph corresponds to the encodingkernel, such that the data is conveyed through the multi-hop, multi-pathroute to an Internet connected wireless transceiver, such as a gatewaynode, as indicated by block 86. In other embodiments, the data may betransmitted from an Internet connected wireless transceiver usingprocess 80 with the gateway node lying in the upstream position for thatuse case.

FIG. 4 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary computing system 1000in accordance with embodiments of the present technique. Variousportions of systems and methods described herein, may include or beexecuted on one or more computer systems similar to computing system1000. Further, processes and modules described herein may be executed byone or more processing systems similar to that of computing system 1000.

Computing system 1000 may include one or more processors (e.g.,processors 1010 a-1010 n) coupled to system memory 1020, an input/outputI/O device interface 1030, and a network interface 1040 via aninput/output (I/O) interface 1050. A processor may include a singleprocessor or a plurality of processors (e.g., distributed processors). Aprocessor may be any suitable processor capable of executing orotherwise performing instructions. A processor may include a centralprocessing unit (CPU) that carries out program instructions to performthe arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of computingsystem 1000. A processor may execute code (e.g., processor firmware, aprotocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or acombination thereof) that creates an execution environment for programinstructions. A processor may include a programmable processor. Aprocessor may include general or special purpose microprocessors. Aprocessor may receive instructions and data from a memory (e.g., systemmemory 1020). Computing system 1000 may be a uni-processor systemincluding one processor (e.g., processor 1010 a), or a multi-processorsystem including any number of suitable processors (e.g., 1010 a-1010n). Multiple processors may be employed to provide for parallel orsequential execution of one or more portions of the techniques describedherein. Processes, such as logic flows, described herein may beperformed by one or more programmable processors executing one or morecomputer programs to perform functions by operating on input data andgenerating corresponding output. Processes described herein may beperformed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purposelogic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or anASIC (application specific integrated circuit). Computing system 1000may include a plurality of computing devices (e.g., distributed computersystems) to implement various processing functions.

I/O device interface 1030 may provide an interface for connection of oneor more I/O devices 1060 to computer system 1000. I/O devices mayinclude devices that receive input (e.g., from a user) or outputinformation (e.g., to a user). I/O devices 1060 may include, forexample, graphical user interface presented on displays (e.g., a cathoderay tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor), pointingdevices (e.g., a computer mouse or trackball), keyboards, keypads,touchpads, scanning devices, voice recognition devices, gesturerecognition devices, printers, audio speakers, microphones, cameras, orthe like. I/O devices 1060 may be connected to computer system 1000through a wired or wireless connection. I/O devices 1060 may beconnected to computer system 1000 from a remote location. I/O devices1060 located on remote computer system, for example, may be connected tocomputer system 1000 via a network and network interface 1040.

Network interface 1040 may include a network adapter that provides forconnection of computer system 1000 to a network. Network interface may1040 may facilitate data exchange between computer system 1000 and otherdevices connected to the network. Network interface 1040 may supportwired or wireless communication. The network may include an electroniccommunication network, such as the Internet, a local area network (LAN),a wide area network (WAN), a cellular communications network, or thelike.

System memory 1020 may be configured to store program instructions 1100or data 1110. Program instructions 1100 may be executable by a processor(e.g., one or more of processors 1010 a-1010 n) to implement one or moreembodiments of the present techniques. Instructions 1100 may includemodules of computer program instructions for implementing one or moretechniques described herein with regard to various processing modules.Program instructions may include a computer program (which in certainforms is known as a program, software, software application, script, orcode). A computer program may be written in a programming language,including compiled or interpreted languages, or declarative orprocedural languages. A computer program may include a unit suitable foruse in a computing environment, including as a stand-alone program, amodule, a component, or a subroutine. A computer program may or may notcorrespond to a file in a file system. A program may be stored in aportion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or morescripts stored in a markup language document), in a single filededicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files(e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portionsof code). A computer program may be deployed to be executed on one ormore computer processors located locally at one site or distributedacross multiple remote sites and interconnected by a communicationnetwork.

System memory 1020 may include a tangible program carrier having programinstructions stored thereon. A tangible program carrier may include anon-transitory computer readable storage medium. A non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium may include a machine readable storagedevice, a machine readable storage substrate, a memory device, or anycombination thereof. Non-transitory computer readable storage medium mayinclude non-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory, ROM, PROM, EPROM,EEPROM memory), volatile memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM),static random access memory (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM)),bulk storage memory (e.g., CD-ROM and/or DVD-ROM, hard-drives), or thelike. System memory 1020 may include a non-transitory computer readablestorage medium that may have program instructions stored thereon thatare executable by a computer processor (e.g., one or more of processors1010 a-1010 n) to cause the subject matter and the functional operationsdescribed herein. A memory (e.g., system memory 1020) may include asingle memory device and/or a plurality of memory devices (e.g.,distributed memory devices).

I/O interface 1050 may be configured to coordinate I/O traffic betweenprocessors 1010 a-1010 n, system memory 1020, network interface 1040,I/O devices 1060, and/or other peripheral devices. I/O interface 1050may perform protocol, timing, or other data transformations to convertdata signals from one component (e.g., system memory 1020) into a formatsuitable for use by another component (e.g., processors 1010 a-1010 n).I/O interface 1050 may include support for devices attached throughvarious types of peripheral buses, such as a variant of the PeripheralComponent Interconnect (PCI) bus standard or the Universal Serial Bus(USB) standard.

Embodiments of the techniques described herein may be implemented usinga single instance of computer system 1000 or multiple computer systems1000 configured to host different portions or instances of embodiments.Multiple computer systems 1000 may provide for parallel or sequentialprocessing/execution of one or more portions of the techniques describedherein.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that computer system 1000 ismerely illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope of thetechniques described herein. Computer system 1000 may include anycombination of devices or software that may perform or otherwise providefor the performance of the techniques described herein. For example,computer system 1000 may include or be a combination of acloud-computing system, a data center, a server rack, a server, avirtual server, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tabletcomputer, a server device, a client device, a mobile telephone, apersonal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio or video player, a gameconsole, a vehicle-mounted computer, or a Global Positioning System(GPS), or the like. Computer system 1000 may also be connected to otherdevices that are not illustrated, or may operate as a stand-alonesystem. In addition, the functionality provided by the illustratedcomponents may in some embodiments be combined in fewer components ordistributed in additional components. Similarly, in some embodiments,the functionality of some of the illustrated components may not beprovided or other additional functionality may be available.

Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that while various itemsare illustrated as being stored in memory or on storage while beingused, these items or portions of them may be transferred between memoryand other storage devices for purposes of memory management and dataintegrity. Alternatively, in other embodiments some or all of thesoftware components may execute in memory on another device andcommunicate with the illustrated computer system via inter-computercommunication. Some or all of the system components or data structuresmay also be stored (e.g., as instructions or structured data) on acomputer-accessible medium or a portable article to be read by anappropriate drive, various examples of which are described above. Insome embodiments, instructions stored on a computer-accessible mediumseparate from computer system 1000 may be transmitted to computer system1000 via transmission media or signals such as electrical,electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication mediumsuch as a network or a wireless link. Various embodiments may furtherinclude receiving, sending, or storing instructions or data implementedin accordance with the foregoing description upon a computer-accessiblemedium. Accordingly, the present invention may be practiced with othercomputer system configurations.

To mitigate the problems described herein, the applicants had to bothinvent solutions and, in some cases just as importantly, recognizeproblems overlooked (or not yet foreseen) by others in the field.Indeed, applicants wish to emphasize the difficulty of recognizing thoseproblems that are nascent and will become much more apparent in thefuture should trends in industry continue as applicants expect. Further,because multiple problems are addressed, it should be understood thatsome embodiments are problem-specific, and not all embodiments addressevery problem with traditional systems described herein or provide everybenefit described herein. That said, solutions to many of these problemsare described above.

In block diagrams, illustrated components are depicted as discretefunctional blocks, but embodiments are not limited to systems in whichthe functionality described herein is organized as illustrated. Thefunctionality provided by each of the components may be provided bysoftware or hardware modules that are differently organized than ispresently depicted, for example such software or hardware may beintermingled, conjoined, replicated, broken up, distributed (e.g. withina data center or geographically), or otherwise differently organized.The functionality described herein may be provided by one or moreprocessors of one or more computers executing code stored on a tangible,non-transitory, machine readable medium. In some cases, third partycontent delivery networks may host some or all of the informationconveyed over networks, in which case, to the extent information (e.g.,content) is said to be supplied or otherwise provided, the informationmay provided by sending instructions to retrieve that information from acontent delivery network.

The reader should appreciate that the present application describesseveral inventions. Rather than separating those inventions intomultiple isolated patent applications, applicants have grouped theseinventions into a single document because their related subject matterlends itself to economies in the application process. But the distinctadvantages and aspects of such inventions should not be conflated. Insome cases, embodiments address all of the deficiencies noted herein,but it should be understood that the inventions are independentlyuseful, and some embodiments address only a subset of such problems oroffer other, unmentioned benefits that will be apparent to those ofskill in the art reviewing the present disclosure. Due to costsconstraints, some inventions disclosed herein may not be presentlyclaimed and may be claimed in later filings, such as continuationapplications or by amending the present claims. Similarly, due to spaceconstraints, neither the Abstract nor the Summary of the Inventionsections of the present document should be taken as containing acomprehensive listing of all such inventions or all aspects of suchinventions.

It should be understood that the description and the drawings are notintended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but tothe contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents,and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the presentinvention as defined by the appended claims. Further modifications andalternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will beapparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description.Accordingly, this description and the drawings are to be construed asillustrative only and are for the purpose of teaching those skilled inthe art the general manner of carrying out the invention. It is to beunderstood that the forms of the invention shown and described hereinare to be taken as examples of embodiments. Elements and materials maybe substituted for those illustrated and described herein, parts andprocesses may be reversed or omitted, and certain features of theinvention may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to oneskilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of theinvention. Changes may be made in the elements described herein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in thefollowing claims. Headings used herein are for organizational purposesonly and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description.

As used throughout this application, the word “may” is used in apermissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather thanthe mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). The words “include”,“including”, and “includes” and the like mean including, but not limitedto. As used throughout this application, the singular forms “a,” “an,”and “the” include plural referents unless the content explicitlyindicates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an element” or “aelement” includes a combination of two or more elements, notwithstandinguse of other terms and phrases for one or more elements, such as “one ormore.” The term “or” is, unless indicated otherwise, non-exclusive,i.e., encompassing both “and” and “or.” Terms describing conditionalrelationships, e.g., “in response to X, Y,” “upon X, Y,”, “if X, Y,”“when X, Y,” and the like, encompass causal relationships in which theantecedent is a necessary causal condition, the antecedent is asufficient causal condition, or the antecedent is a contributory causalcondition of the consequent, e.g., “state X occurs upon condition Yobtaining” is generic to “X occurs solely upon Y” and “X occurs upon Yand Z.” Such conditional relationships are not limited to consequencesthat instantly follow the antecedent obtaining, as some consequences maybe delayed, and in conditional statements, antecedents are connected totheir consequents, e.g., the antecedent is relevant to the likelihood ofthe consequent occurring. Statements in which a plurality of attributesor functions are mapped to a plurality of objects (e.g., one or moreprocessors performing steps A, B, C, and D) encompasses both all suchattributes or functions being mapped to all such objects and subsets ofthe attributes or functions being mapped to subsets of the attributes orfunctions (e.g., both all processors each performing steps A-D, and acase in which processor 1 performs step A, processor 2 performs step Band part of step C, and processor 3 performs part of step C and step D),unless otherwise indicated. Further, unless otherwise indicated,statements that one value or action is “based on” another condition orvalue encompass both instances in which the condition or value is thesole factor and instances in which the condition or value is one factoramong a plurality of factors. Unless specifically stated otherwise, asapparent from the discussion, it is appreciated that throughout thisspecification discussions utilizing terms such as “processing,”“computing,” “calculating,” “determining” or the like refer to actionsor processes of a specific apparatus, such as a special purpose computeror a similar special purpose electronic processing/computing device.

The present techniques will be better understood with reference to thefollowing enumerated embodiments:

1. A node configured to cooperate with other nodes to form a multi-hop,multi-path, ad hoc wireless network for conveying data to, from, orrelaying through geographically distributed oil and gas sites, includingsites selected from among salt water disposal facilities, oil wells,pumping stations, or combinations thereof, the node comprising: one ormore processors; a programmable radio communicatively coupled to theprocessor; and memory communicatively coupled to the processor andstoring instructions that when executed by at least some of theprocessors cause operations comprising:

-   -   obtaining a directed acyclic graph describing a plurality        wireless connections between a plurality of downstream nodes        forming a multi-path route to an Internet connected wireless        transceiver; determining an encoding kernel specifying        transformations to be performed by the plurality of downstream        nodes on data received from upstream nodes, wherein: the        encoding kernel corresponds to a multi-hop, multi-path route        through the directed acyclic graph, the transformations        including a combination of two or more inputs to a downstream        node to be transmitted as output, and the data includes        redundant information to be used for error detection or error        correction to be received at a downstream node; transmitting at        least part of the encoding kernel to at least some of the        downstream nodes; and transmitting data from a data source to a        downstream node in the directed acyclic graph specified by the        encoding kernel such that the data is conveyed through the        multi-hop, multi-path route to the Internet connected wireless        transceiver.

2. The node of embodiment 1, comprising a site master controllerconfigured to monitor or control a respective one of the following: anoil well, a petro water disposal or re-injection facility, or apetroleum pumping stations.

3. The node of any of embodiments 1-2, wherein the operations comprise:determining a transmit frequency; and adjusting the programmable radioto transmit at the determined transmit frequency.

4. The node of embodiment 3, wherein determining a transmit frequencycomprises: obtaining a geolocation from which transmitting data is tooccur; querying a remote whitespace database with the geolocation toobtain available frequencies; and selecting a transmit frequency fromamong the available frequencies responsive to the query.

5. The node of embodiment 3, wherein determining a transmit frequencycomprises: attempting to transmit at a first frequency; determining thatan acknowledgement signal (ACK) responsive to the transmission at thefirst frequency has not been received within a duration of time; andattempting to transmit at a second frequency, the second frequency beinglower in frequency than the first frequency.

6. The node of embodiment 5, wherein the first frequency and the secondfrequency are selected from among a plurality of frequencies responsiveto a query to a remote whitespace database.

7. The node of any of embodiments 1-6, wherein the operations comprise:selecting a pseudo random code to perform code division multiple accesschannel coding; and encoding the data from the data source with thepseudo random code to transmit the data from the data source, whereintransmission is spread among multiple frequencies.

8. The node of embodiment 7, wherein selecting a pseudo random codecomprises: dynamically adjusting a code ratio with which the data fromthe data source is encoded based on channel state.

9. The node of any of embodiments 1-8, wherein the one or moreprocessors comprise: a field programmable gate array (FPGA); and anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC) central processing unit,wherein the operations comprise: dynamically re-allocatingcommunications protocol tasks from the FPGA to the CPU.

10. A method, comprising: obtaining a directed acyclic graph describinga plurality wireless connections between a plurality of downstream nodesforming a multi-path route to an Internet connected wirelesstransceiver; determining an encoding kernel specifying transformationsto be performed by the plurality of downstream nodes on data receivedfrom upstream nodes, wherein: the encoding kernel corresponds to amulti-hop, multi-path route through the directed acyclic graph, thetransformations including a combination of two or more inputs to adownstream node to be transmitted as output, and the data includesredundant information to be used for error detection or error correctionto be received at a downstream node; transmitting at least part of theencoding kernel to at least some of the downstream nodes; andtransmitting data from a data source to a downstream node in thedirected acyclic graph specified by the encoding kernel such that thedata is conveyed through the multi-hop, multi-path route to the Internetconnected wireless transceiver.

11. The method of embodiment 10, comprising sharing a power supply witha respective one of the following: an oil well, a petro water disposalor re-injection facility, or a petroleum pumping stations.

12. The method of any of embodiments 10-11, comprising: determining atransmit frequency; and adjusting the programmable radio to transmit atthe determined transmit frequency.

13. The method of embodiment 12, wherein determining a transmitfrequency comprises: obtaining a geolocation from which transmittingdata is to occur; querying a remote whitespace database with thegeolocation to obtain available frequencies; and selecting a transmitfrequency from among the available frequencies responsive to the query.

14. The method of embodiment 12, wherein determining a transmitfrequency comprises: attempting to transmit at a first frequency;determining that an acknowledgement signal (ACK) responsive to thetransmission at the first frequency has not been received within aduration of time; and attempting to transmit at a second frequency, thesecond frequency being lower in frequency than the first frequency.

15. The method of embodiment 14, wherein the first frequency and thesecond frequency are selected from among a plurality of frequenciesresponsive to a query to a remote whitespace database.

16. The method of any of embodiments 10-15, comprising: selecting apseudo random code to perform code division multiple access channelcoding; and encoding the data from the data source with the pseudorandom code to transmit the data from the data source, whereintransmission is spread among multiple frequencies.

17. The method of embodiment 16, wherein selecting a pseudo random codecomprises: dynamically adjusting a code ratio with which the data fromthe data source is encoded based on channel state.

18. The method of any of embodiments 10-17, comprising: dynamicallyre-allocating radio frequency signal processing tasks from a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA) to an application specific integratedcircuit (ASIC) central processing unit.

19. The method of any of embodiments 10-18, comprising: sensing aparameter of an oil well, the parameter being at least part of the datafrom a data source transmitted to a downstream node.

20. The method of any of embodiments 10-19, comprising: receiving arequest for a website from a consumer wireless modem, the request for awebsite being at least part of the data from a data source transmittedto a downstream node.

1. A node configured to cooperate with other nodes to form a multi-hop,multi-path, ad hoc wireless network, the node comprising: one or moreprocessors; a radio communicatively coupled to the processor; and memorycommunicatively coupled to the processor and storing instructions thatwhen executed by at least some of the processors cause operationscomprising: obtaining a directed acyclic graph describing a pluralitywireless connections between a plurality of downstream nodes forming amulti-path route to an Internet connected wireless transceiver;determining an encoding kernel specifying transformations to beperformed by the plurality of downstream nodes on data received fromupstream nodes, wherein: the data contains redundant information to beused for error detection or error correction to be received at adownstream node; and transmitting data from a data source to adownstream node in the directed acyclic graph specified by the encodingkernel such that the data is conveyed through the multi-hop, multi-pathroute to the Internet connected wireless transceiver.
 2. The node ofclaim 1, comprising a site master controller configured to monitor orcontrol a respective one of the following: an oil well, a petro waterdisposal or re-injection facility, or a petroleum pumping stations. 3.The node of claim 1, wherein the operations comprise: determining atransmit frequency; and adjusting the radio to transmit at thedetermined transmit frequency.
 4. The node of claim 3, whereindetermining a transmit frequency comprises: obtaining a geolocation fromwhich transmitting data is to occur; querying a remote whitespacedatabase with the geolocation to obtain available frequencies; andselecting a transmit frequency from among the available frequenciesresponsive to the query.
 5. The node of claim 3, wherein determining atransmit frequency comprises: attempting to transmit at a firstfrequency; determining that an acknowledgement signal (ACK) responsiveto the transmission at the first frequency has not been received withina duration of time; and attempting to transmit at a second frequency,the second frequency being lower in frequency than the first frequency.6. The node of claim 5, wherein the first frequency and the secondfrequency are selected from among a plurality of frequencies responsiveto a query to a remote whitespace database.
 7. The node of claim 1,wherein the operations comprise: selecting a pseudo random code toperform code division multiple access channel coding; and encoding thedata from the data source with the pseudo random code to transmit thedata from the data source, wherein transmission is spread among multiplefrequencies.
 8. The node of claim 7, wherein selecting a pseudo randomcode comprises: dynamically adjusting a code ratio with which the datafrom the data source is encoded based on channel state.
 9. The node ofclaim 1, wherein the one or more processors comprise: a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA); and an application specific integratedcircuit (ASIC) central processing unit, wherein the operations comprise:dynamically re-allocating communications protocol tasks from the FPGA tothe CPU.
 10. A method, comprising: obtaining a directed acyclic graphdescribing a plurality wireless connections between a plurality ofdownstream nodes forming a multi-path route to an Internet connectedwireless transceiver; determining an encoding kernel specifyingtransformations to be performed by the plurality of downstream nodes ondata received from upstream nodes, wherein: the data includes redundantinformation to be used for error detection or error correction to bereceived at a downstream node; transmitting at least part of theencoding kernel to at least some of the downstream nodes; andtransmitting data from a data source to a downstream node in thedirected acyclic graph specified by the encoding kernel such that thedata is conveyed through the multi-hop, multi-path route to the Internetconnected wireless transceiver.
 11. The method of claim 10, comprisingsharing a power supply with a respective one of the following: an oilwell, a petro water disposal or re-injection facility, or a petroleumpumping stations.
 12. The method of claim 10, comprising: determining atransmit frequency; and adjusting the a radio to transmit at thedetermined transmit frequency.
 13. The method of claim 12, whereindetermining a transmit frequency comprises: obtaining a geolocation fromwhich transmitting data is to occur; querying a remote whitespacedatabase with the geolocation to obtain available frequencies; andselecting a transmit frequency from among the available frequenciesresponsive to the query.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein determininga transmit frequency comprises: attempting to transmit at a firstfrequency; determining that an acknowledgement signal (ACK) responsiveto the transmission at the first frequency has not been received withina duration of time; and attempting to transmit at a second frequency,the second frequency being lower in frequency than the first frequency.15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first frequency and the secondfrequency are selected from among a plurality of frequencies responsiveto a query to a remote whitespace database.
 16. The method of claim 10,comprising: selecting a pseudo random code to perform code divisionmultiple access channel coding; and encoding the data from the datasource with the pseudo random code to transmit the data from the datasource, wherein transmission is spread among multiple frequencies. 17.The method of claim 16, wherein selecting a pseudo random codecomprises: dynamically adjusting a code ratio with which the data fromthe data source is encoded based on channel state.
 18. The method ofclaim 10, comprising: dynamically re-allocating radio frequency signalprocessing tasks from a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC) central processing unit.19. The method of claim 10, comprising: sensing a parameter of an oilwell, the parameter being at least part of the data from a data sourcetransmitted to a downstream node.
 20. The method of claim 10,comprising: receiving a request for a website from a consumer wirelessmodem, the request for a website being at least part of the data from adata source transmitted to a downstream node.